Maternity Insurance|Maternity Care|Postpartum Care

The strength and ubiquity of the 'breast is best' message in New Zealand means there is greater awareness than ever of the benefits of breastfeeding, increasingly advocated as the risks of formula feeding.

However, women remain unsupported in their choice to breastfeed, from work policies and a lack of timely information and support, to family attitudes and perceptions of a "good baby" as one which sleeps through the night and therefore requires slowly digested formula to do so.

The conflict between the lactating and revered sexual breast in Western society means that while the media is awash with images of 'boobs', public breastfeeding is taboo. A 2009 study found that 36 per cent of Australians said breastfeeding was unacceptable in a cafe or at work. Jennifer James of RMIT University, which conducted the study, said "Part of the issue why young mothers wean their babies too early is societal pressure and isolation from other mothers experiencing the same difficulties."

The result is that many women do not establish breastfeeding, the trauma of which is then compounded by the censure faced when bottle feeding.

In recognition of the experiences of these mothers, Christchurch based counsellor Karen Holmes, is launching a counselling service specifically for "unvalidated grief" around women's breastfeeding experiences.

Holmes explains: "This is something which is just never talked about, but for many women giving up breastfeeding is a very real loss which impacts their lives. It may never be acknowledged as grief - not by others and not even by themselves." This grief therefore expresses itself in other ways, for example through anger at breastfeeding mothers or feelings of resentment at being let down by the health system.

Holmes offers counselling to those impacted by infant feeding grief, trauma or related concerns, including mothers and those who find themselves with issues in their work with mothers. Counselling could be historical, for example with grandmothers, as well as for contemporary issues. In addition to grief from not establishing breastfeeding, it can also arise when a child weans unexpectedly.

Mother of three, Charlotte, comments: "I breastfed my eldest for 23 months. I couldn't breastfeed my middle son and I had to bottle feed, it caused me a lot of negative psychological stress for a while, and I got it into my head that he didn't love me. My third son I breastfed for just over 6 months, then he decided he wasn't interested anymore and preferred food and a bottle. This was a bit of a shock at first."

Infant feeding issues may also arise in pregnancy. For example, one mother who had an eating disorder when younger, had recurring nightmares throughout her pregnancy that she would be unable to feed her baby.

University of Albany evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup believes the grief a mother may experience also operates at the level of biology, commenting: "For most of human evolution the absence or early cessation of breastfeeding would have been occasioned by miscarriage, loss, or death of a child. We contend, therefore, that at the level of her basic biology a mother's decision to bottle feed unknowingly simulates child loss."

A study of 50 mothers conducted by Gallop showed that those who bottle fed scored significantly higher for postnatal depression than breastfeeders.

Feelings of loss at not breastfeeding may be compounded by guilt, and also rejection by having felt undermined by questions when attempts at breastfeeding were underway.

Holmes spent ten years as a La Leche League (LLL) leader and observed that much of the meetings were devoted to discussions about addressing challenges from others toward breastfeeding women. For example "are you sure you've got enough milk", "that baby's got you wrapped around it's little finger", and assumptions about the duration of breastfeeding and the need for supplementation from formula.

Anthropologist Sheila Kitzinger in Ourselves as Mothers (1992) stresses the importance of self-belief when she writes: "The firm expectation that (women from traditional cultures) will breastfeed successfully is much more important for a mother than any specific breastfeeding practices... women can breastfeed under apparently impossible conditions if they are convinced that they will be able to do so."

Breast vs Bottle Polarisation

The polarisation of breast versus bottle hurts mothers and the women at the frontline of breastfeeding promotion. Holmes comments: "There appears to be this big division between breast and bottle feeding, but there are multi-causal factors with infant feeding in Western culture today including historical, cultural, familial and political. In a culture that often wants to point the finger in one direction, in reality it serves no one to do this. I believe we need an honest look at where we are to acknowledge that the two camps have much in common."

Holmes continues: "I think we need to appreciate that all women go through the same ringer when making decisions about feeding their babies - a successfully breastfeeding mother could have had endless struggle, undermining and interference to get to that point, just like a formula feeding mother. But yes, the breastfeeding mother's trauma may be alleviated by her eventual success."

Holmes herself experienced problems breastfeeding so knows first hand what women may go through. Holmes said she wanted to breastfeed her now grown-up daughter for economic reasons and because "it gave me an excuse to be close to my baby", a poignant testament to the independence expected between mothers and infants in Western society.

During the first few days of her daughter's life, and having difficulty feeding, Holmes was "constantly questioned" as to whether her baby was getting enough breastmilk and was "eventually worn down", and gave her baby formula. She then overheard someone saying of her "they just don't try very hard these days do they". However Holmes persevered, and with help from an LLL breastfeeding counsellor regarding positioning of the baby, she went on to breastfeed until her daughter was three years old.

The breast versus bottle debate has lead to an emphasis on breast pumps, by viewing breastfeeding through a bottle feeding lens and equating breastfeeding with breastmilk. However the use of breast pumps are linked to a decrease in milk supply and therefore negatively affect breastfeeding outcomes.

Carol Bartle, coordinator of the Canterbury Breastfeeding Advocacy Service, comments "Breast pump marketing implies that all women need a breast pump to breastfeed, and the only pressing issue is finding out "which pump is right for you". However seductive the pump marketing messages are, with their impressions of the modern mother's need to get away from her baby, fathers' need to give bottles, and images of attractive women with their backpack and pump, the reality of pumping is that of a complex and time consuming practice that is hard to maintain. I have yet to meet a woman who enjoys pumping but have known hundreds who love to breastfeed once they have established breastfeeding".

Bartle, who has 30 years' experience working in neonatal intensive care, where women try and establish their milk supplies using breast pumps, continues: "Many pumps are inefficient and do not remove milk effectively enough to maintain milk supply. Women who give breastmilk to their babies in bottles, and do not put their baby to the breast at all, are at the highest risk of serious milk supply problems."

This observation is confirmed by a 2009 study from Stanford University School of Medicine, California, which found that "pump suction alone often fails to remove a significant fraction of milk as more can be expressed using manual techniques". So to ensure pumping is done effectively, and the milk supply is maintained, pumping needs to be done in combination with hand massage techniques. Something few women are aware of.

Barriers to breastfeeding

It is very clear that women should not take sole responsibility for their breastfeeding experiences. Holmes identifies that grief issues "depend on self-image and expectations", so that when women are given unrealistic ideas of breastfeeding and at the same time undermined on the way to achieving breastfeeding, the grief and sense of failure can be significant.

New Zealand's National Breastfeeding Advisory Committee (NBAC) in its 2008-2012 national plan for breastfeeding detailed a list of 13 Social and environmental barriers to breastfeeding. These included the perception that artificial feeding enhances the father's opportunities to bond with the infant, attitudes that make breastfeeding embarrassing or uncomfortable for the woman, societal expectations about the acceptable duration of breastfeeding, a culture that portrays bottle-feeding as normal, and returning to work, by choice or through financial necessity.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says that "virtually all mothers can breastfeed, provided they have accurate information, and the support of their family, the health care system and society at large".

These sentiments are reinforced by the pro-formula backlash, for example the book Bottle Babies by Adelia Ferguson (1998), which catalogues letters from bottle feeding mums - many of which are a testament to a fundamental lack of support around their breastfeeding experiences.

Holmes comments: "Many bottle feeding mums feel extremely traumatised by their persistent efforts to breastfeed to the point where they will not ever try again with subsequent babies. Sadly much of this experience is due to inaccurate breastfeeding information. However, there are successful breastfeeding experiences after some extreme circumstances. This is done knowing how breastfeeding works and that others have done it successfully."

In 2008, the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition said of the latest Infant Feeding Survey in 2005 that "The reasons mothers gave for abandoning breastfeeding suggest that relatively few mothers truly chose not to breastfeed. Three-quarters of breastfeeding mothers... said they would have preferred to breastfeed for longer had they been able. These findings suggest that most women who start to breastfeed are committed to it but stop because they encounter problems and find that skilled support is not readily available."

In recognition of this, the Canterbury Breastfeeding Advocacy Service provides not just information about breastfeeding but practical support in the form of networks between health care professionals, local groups and mothers. Bartle comments "We are trying to shift the culture to one that supports and protects breastfeeding women, rather than just promoting breastfeeding without support structures in place to really make a difference. For example, I have just been working with a mother who said that the most useful assistance she could have received while trying to establish her preterm baby on the breast after going home from the hospital, was home help."

Meanwhile, commenting on the national situation in New Zealand, outgoing LLLNZ Director Barbara Sturmfels, says: "Legislative changes to improve conditions for breastfeeding mothers in the paid workforce, a public advertising campaign to promote breastfeeding in public, and support for the implementation of UNICEF's Baby Friendly Initiative in New Zealand are some of the ways that the government is seeking improvements in breastfeeding rates through institutional and societal change."

Many problems need not prohibit breastfeeding were they seen as part of the breastfeeding journey and if consistent support and information were on hand in the crucial first days and weeks. Denise Digman in Breastfeeding in New Zealand: Practice, Problems and Policy (1998), says the medicalisation of breastfeeding has detracted from "perceiving the range of physical sensations and difficulties experienced while breastfeeding as part of the normal spectrum of events". This is echoed by NBAC which talks of "insufficient knowledge about the normal course of breastfeeding, including common problems and the solutions".

Holmes gives an example from her own life to illustrate this point: "In her first weeks, my youngest daughter was putting on very little weight and this was of concern to the Plunket nurse. I explored what factor might be creating the problem and discovered a cowsmilk intolerance. As soon as this was eliminated from my diet her weight gain improved. Without this knowledge, this could have turned into a safety issue."

New Zealand's breastfeeding rates compare favorably with those of other developed nations. Different countries measure the rates in different ways and for different years, but for a broad comparison, rates for exclusive breastfeeding are: New Zealand 2008 16% at 8 months; Canada 2008 14.4% at 6 months, Australia 2007 14% at 6 months, USA 2006 13.6% at 6 months, UK 2005 less than 1% at 6 months.

However seen globally, it is clear the impact Western values may have on breastfeeding. WHO recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months and for breastfeeding to continue "up to two years of age or beyond".

The top 5 countries for exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months (Unicef 2008) are Rwanda 88%, Kiribati 80%, Sri Lanka 76%, Solomon Islands 74%, and Peru 69%. At aged 20-23 months, Sri Lanka, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Nepal all had breastfeeding rates of over 80%, with Nepal at 95%.

In New Zealand, rates for Maori and young mothers are much lower than average, and Maori currently have the lowest exclusive breastfeeding rates in the country. This is also a hallmark of Western society: As Glover et al explain in Maori Women and Breasfeeding (2008) "Beliefs and practices introduced to Maori by European immigrants to New Zealand have supplanted Maori infant feeding practices". The report therefore recommends that "promotion of breastfeeding to Maori should focus on re-establishing breastfeeding as a tikanga (right cultural practice)".

As well as Karen Holmes new counselling service, Christchurch is fortunate in having the Young Parents' Breastfeeding Group Whangai U "Matua Puhou". Headed by public health advocate and breastfeeding peer counselling administrator Susan Procter, the group has over 20 regular members and meets regularly to support breastfeeding families where the mother is aged under 25.

Procter comments: "The impact the group has had is enormous, both in terms of breastfeeding success and also in giving several of the mums a passion and motivation to apply to enter the health care professions to advocate for breastfeeding and to support other young mothers."

Breastfeeding as Patriarchy

A further irony of the breastfeeding debate is that when a mother does successfully breastfeed, she is likely to be censured if she continues past an arbitrary cut off point of a few weeks or months.

Part of the problem is that motherhood, the archetypal female domain, is accused of becoming a patriarchy with male values overlaid upon it. For example the reverence of science over instinct, of experts over the mother's voice, and of consumer products over the mother's body. This is particularly relevant with the medicalisation of birth, with the rising number of cesarean sections impacting negatively on the establishment of breastfeeding.

Dr Truby King is a controversial example of the mothers' expert, having founded New Zealand's Plunket Society in 1907 "to help the mothers and save the babies" and the Karitane Product Society (KPS) in 1927, which consolidated King's production of infant formula.

Linda Bryder says of King in A Voice for Mothers (2003) "The diagnosis of the problem and the solutions put forward were the same everywhere: mothers were ignorant of the correct methods of child-rearing and needed to be educated". Meanwhile Sheila Kitzinger claims that King "Destroyed women's confidence in breastfeeding and made loving mothers feel inadequate and guilty."

One hundred years later, that charge was still being leveled at Plunket for the promotion of scheduled feeding, based on the digestion time required for formula, rather than for quickly digested breastmilk. The emphasis has shifted recently with Plunket advising that "your baby may wake wanting frequent feeds. For breastfed babies these feeds are important to help establish and maintain breastfeeding". However the organisation remains out of step with international WHO guidelines by recommending breastfeeding only "until they are at least 1 year or older".

Plunket's controversial partnering of breastfeeding promotion with corporate interest through King's formula production, continues today with Wattie's sponsorship of Plunket. Wattie's promotes Nurturebaby formula and markets "Stage 1" baby foods for "4-6 months onwards", in conflict with WHO's recommendation of "exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months" and Plunket's recommendation of "breastfeeding exclusively until around 6 months". The Plunket logo appears on the packaging of Wattie's Stage 1 foods, giving the perception that Plunket endorses feeding solids at 4 months, despite the clear conflict with Plunket's own policy. The presence of the Plunket logo also gives the impression that Plunket is endorsing that particular brand of baby foods above both competitive brands and baby food prepared at home.

The patriarchal legacy remains a tangible presence for women, their partners and families today. Holmes comments: "Progressively, women were told that their instincts, their feelings and everything else they may have previously believed were wrong and they needed to listen only to the experts if they wanted their babies to live. This creates internal conflicts which may become problematic, especially the thought that something must be wrong with a woman as mother."

Holmes continues "It is with this that I want to work, for example validating grief, feelings, impacts. Helping women to understand what creates these conflicts and giving them permission to feel what they feel. I would hope also that in doing this women may regain a sense of their own wisdom and feel empowered to make informed choices."

Holmes stresses that the understanding and support of fathers is a crucial part of this process. Holmes comments: "Breastfeeding is a human issue, not a women's issue. Men have a valuable and active role in supporting women to breastfeed and in protecting it." This is reinforced by Sturmfels who says "Informed and skilful mother-to-mother support can really make a difference. A new mum needs the love and support of her partner and family."

Holmes concludes: "What is most important is that all mothers are honored in their experiences around infant feeding. That mothers feel supported, valued and confident in their own ability as a mother."

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The following are 70 things every pregnant and non-pregnant woman should know about exercise and pregnancy in general:

1. Myths surrounding exercise and pregnancy:

Exercise during pregnancy was thought to cause miscarriage, hormonal imbalance, over-stressing of the joints, redirecting blood flow away from the fetus, to the muscle, overheating the fetus, uterine bleeding, displacement or rupture of the placenta, entangled umbilical cord, breech position, increase risk of c-section, high blood pressure, abnormal genes in the baby, growth retardation, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, premature labor, prolonged labor, fetal distress, still birth, low birth weight, low apgar scores, difficulties for the baby after birth, and difficult maternal recovery after birth.

2. How the myths came and went:

Many of the myths, about the effects of prenatal exercise, were perpetuated by both the fitness and medical community out of fear and ignorance. Such myths have been dis-proven by modern medical research.

3. How exercise affects the woman's fetus:

Currently, all medical studies point to positive effects on the fetus as a result of exercising throughout the pregnancy. There are less complications during pregnancy when exercising. The woman's fetus becomes tougher, leaner, and more able to adapt and handle stress.

4. Roles of pregnancy hormones:

The following are the six hormones that are produced during pregnancy and their roles: Relaxin, is a hormone that relaxes and softens the cartilage and ligaments that support the joints to prepare the body for an easy pregnancy; Androgen, is a hormone produced in men, and helps to give the pregnant woman more strength, energy, and sex drive; Progesterone is a hormone that supports the growth of the fetus, uterus, breast, and even speeds up the metabolism. Progesterone also is responsible for fat accumulation to cushion the uterus and storage during the first and second trimester; Estrogen is a hormone that works with progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. In pregnancy, estrogen makes the uterus more elastic, softens the joints, retains fluid, and increases the size of the breast; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin, is a hormone produced by the placenta to stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone; Insulin, a hormone that permits glucose to enter the muscle cells, can cause hypo or hyperglycemia in a pregnant woman if blood sugar levels are not maintained with a proper diet.

5. Diastasis Recti:

Diastasis recti (abdominal separation) occurs when the abdominal muscles are stretched out, as they are in pregnancy. Diastasis is the space in the mid abdominal region. Such separation generally occurs in the second or third trimester and is painless.

6. Dizziness and faintness in pregnant women:

When a pregnant woman feels dizzy or faint, it is usually due to poor circulation. This poor circulation may be caused by blood pooled into the legs from lying in the supine position or standing for an extended period of time.

7. Dizziness alleviation:

Use the legs to help pump blood around by moving around or walking. Remember to eat often and do not go more than four hours without having something to eat.

8. Primary reasons not to exercise during pregnancy:

The ACOG recommends that women who are pregnant, should not exercise if certain conditions or risk factors are present. Such factors include cardiac, vascular, pulmonary, and/or thyroid diseases. Other contradictions include diabetes, seizure disorder, obesity, hypertension, anemia, and problems with the back, joints, and/or muscles.

9. Pregnancy induced hypertension:

A woman who suffers from pregnancy induced hypertension is in a high-risk pregnancy and should not take part in a regular exercise program. Some light exercises and slow-moderate walks may be performed.

10. Best method for a pregnant woman to measure exercise intensity:

Due to the fact that the resting heart rate of a pregnant woman can rise up to twenty beats per minute over normal levels, measuring exercise intensity with heart rates will simply not work. The rate of perceived exertion should be used to measure exercise intensity because it involves listening to one's body and is easy to use.

11. Ten workout guidelines for beginners:

1. Start slowly and gradually increase exercise intensity.


2. Consult with a doctor, and get written permission before beginning any exercise program.


3. After each workout, cool down and stretch slowly and carefully.


4. Listen to your body and change the program as you see fit.


5. Move your legs and walk around between exercises.


6. Do not exercise in hot or humid weather.


7. Practice proper posture, alignment, and muscle control.


8. Avoid interval training.


9. Get a complete physical before you start any exercise program.


10. Do not exercise at altitudes of 8,000 ft or higher.

12. Benefits of strength training during pregnancy:

Strength training will improve muscle tone and strength. The added strength can aid in carrying the added weight of pregnancy, improve stability, balance, energy, sense of well-being and self-esteem. The threshold for pain will also be improved.

13. Popular sports and activities pregnant women should avoid:

Gymnastics, roller skating, snowboarding, softball, soccer, and volleyball.

14. Three basic exercises to include in an exercise program:

Kegels, Abdominal Pulses, and Pelvic Tilts.

15. How to do Kegels, Abdominal Pulses, and Pelvic Tilts:

Kegels- Visualize the pelvic floor muscles, starting at the anus. Squeeze the muscles around the anus tightly. After a few times, focus on the sphincters around the opening of the vagina. Squeeze them tightly and then relax. Then squeeze and pull the perineum in and up, holding as long as possible before relaxing. Remember to exhale as you squeeze and pull up, and inhale as you release.

Abdominal Pulse- Begin by sitting on the buttocks with the legs crossed up against your wall or bed. Inhale and let your lungs expand with air. Relax the abdominal muscles. Exhale and contract the abdominal muscles tightly by pulling them in. Repeat for ten to fifty repetitions for two sets.

Pelvic Tilts- This exercise can be performed supine, standing, seated, side lying, on all fours, or on a ball. Begin by sitting on the ball and walking forward, rolling with it until the shoulders and head are resting on top of the ball. Pull the abdominal muscles in and contract your glutes as you tilt your pelvis forward to round the lower back and exhale. Perform ten repetitions for two sets.

16. Three exercises to help pregnant women stretch the lower back:

Pelvic Tilt, Cat Stretch, Opposite Arm and Leg Raise.

17. Physical and psychological effect of confined bed rest:

After just twenty-one days of total bed rest, the body deconditions by twenty-five percent. Psychological effects include depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and a negative mentality.

18. Not confined to bed rest, but still considered high risk:

Chronic hypertension, thyroid, cardiac, vascular, or lung disease, fetus in the breech position, anemic, and a mother carrying twins.

19. How posture, stretching, relaxation, breathing, and yoga are beneficial:

Practicing good posture will decrease the strain on the musculoskeletal system. Yoga and stretching lengthen the muscles, improve posture, and aid in relaxation. Breathing techniques help to expand lung capacity, helping to offset the pressure of the growing uterus on the lungs.

20. Advice for women experiencing neck and shoulder pain:

Strengthen the upper back and neck; Stretch the chest; Stretch the neck forward, to the sides, and in half-circles from one shoulder to the other; Use a firm mattress; Wear a bra at night; Get neck and shoulder massages; Use hip mobility exercises; For severe pain, walk with crutches until pregnancy is over.

21. Five yoga positions a pregnant woman may want to avoid:

Avoid shoulder stands, down dog, back bends, plow pose, and seated forward bends.

22. Diaphragmatic breathing:

Sit comfortably in a chair while holding the belly button with both hands. Breath in and concentrate on slow inhalation, letting the chest and abdominal cavity fill with air. Expel the air out slowly, and feel the abdomen deflate.

23. Possible result of women having very low body fat before and/or during pregnancy:

If a woman has very low body fat before and/or during pregnancy, her estrogen production may decrease, which could cause infertility or even miscarriage. If fat is extremely limited, the mother will use protein sources for energy and that can inhibit the proper development of the baby.

24. Weight gain distribution of 24-28 pounds in a pregnant woman:

Forty percent of the weight gain is accounted for by the fetus, and the other sixty percent is from maternal change. Most of the weight that is gained is extra water. Much of the necessary maternal fat gain is deposited internally and externally in the pelvic and abdominal region during the first trimester. The baby will accumulate its own fat and fat cells during the last ten weeks of pregnancy.

25. Morning sickness:

Morning sickness is a physical reaction to the hormonal influx and other changes your body is experiencing. This may increase estrogen levels and, in turn, increase sensitivity to certain smells which may cause nausea. A high intake of complex carbohydrates and protein can help decrease nausea. Eating smaller meals more often will also help and vitamin B6 has been shown to alleviate morning sickness.

26. Why a pregnant woman should avoid hair coloring and chemicals:

It is important that pregnant women do not use hair coloring and other chemicals because they can be toxic to the unborn baby. Do not inhale or let chemicals touch the skin.

27. Suggested servings of water when pregnant:

A pregnant woman should drink at least 10 cups of water throughout the day because dehydration can increase body temperature, slow blood and nutrient flow to the baby, and cause premature labor.

28. Most important vitamin to stock up on before conceiving:

Folic acid is the most important vitamin to stock up on before conceiving. The body needs to have enough folate in storage before implantation of the fertilized egg in order to prevent spinal and brain deformations called neural tube effects.

29. Reconsidering consumption of milk as part of an everyday diet:

Milk, non-fat or full fat, it may exacerbate and/or contribute to a variety of problems, such as heart disease, cancer, arthritis, migraines/headaches, allergies, colds, asthma, ear infections, thyroid and metabolic problems, behavioral problems, skin problems, fluid retention, bloating, abdominal cramps, and osteoporosis.

30. Five benefits of exercising during pregnancy:

Exercise, during pregnancy, increases blood volume, heart chamber volumes, maximal cardiac output, blood vessel growth, the ability to dissipate heat, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

31. Bone density, muscle tone and ligament integrity during pregnancy:

During pregnancy bone density is maintained and ligaments relax while changes in muscle function are unclear.

32. Several early pregnancy issues:

Several early pregnancy issues include miscarriage and congenital defects. Miscarriages are basically spontaneous abortions of the fetus and are common. Congenital defects are due to abnormal development of the placenta.

33. Steps to avoid miscarriage:

Stay hydrated, eat multiple meals throughout the day, and exercise regularly.

34. How exercise affects fertility:

Exercise has not been shown to decrease fertility in women, but actually slightly increases fertility.

35. Physiological effects of beginning an exercise program during pregnancy:

Starting a regular fitness program during pregnancy increases birth weight unless the volume of exercise is very high. Starting exercise in the second month reduces birth weight and newborn fat mass, but only if exercise intensity and frequency are very high.

36. Regular exercise and premature birth:

Continuing a regular, vigorous exercise throughout pregnancy does not increase the incidence of either membrane rupture or premature birth.

37. Active pregnant women vs sedentary:

Women who exercise tend to be leaner both during and after the pregnancy and recover faster than sedentary women.

38. Can women continue exercise throughout pregnancy:

Yes, women can continue to exercise throughout their pregnancy and in fact should, but if exercise is suddenly stopped mid or later in pregnancy the baby could become "fatter" than normal babies. This should not happen if regular exercise is continued for the entire pregnancy.

39. Psychological benefits of exercise for pregnant women:

Pregnant women who exercise regularly tend to maintain a positive attitude about themselves, their pregnancy, and their soon to be labor and delivery.

40. Positive points to implement:

Remember that you will come out of your pregnancy leaner than most sedentary women if you continue to regularly exercise throughout the pregnancy. Not only that, but your baby will be stronger, leaner, and more able to adapt to its surroundings if regular exercise is continued throughout pregnancy.

41. Four big contra-indications to exercise:

The big four contra-indications to exercise are injury, disease, pain, and bleeding.

42. Spontaneous patterns of exercise performance after birth:

There were many active women who resumed exercising within the two weeks following the birth of their child. Many of these active women, within the first year after birth, returned to their formal pre-pregnancy fat levels and even exceeded pre-pregnancy exercise performance levels. It is okay to exercise after pregnancy if it does not hurt or make the women heavily bleed.

43. Key points for exercise during the first six weeks after birth:

The woman should exercise 3 or more times a week; all exercises should feel good and enhance her sense of well-being; adequate rest is essential.

44. Key rules for exercise after pregnancy:

Be sure that the amount of exercise is enough, but not too much; be sure that the exercises feel good; pay attention to the little things; do not chart your performance progress; do not ignore fatigue or pain.

45. Three "absolute contra-indications" to exercise after pregnancy:

Bright red bleeding that last for several hours. If it hurts anywhere then stop, and breast infection or abscess.

46. Instructions and safety concerns for both the mother and baby:

Focus on monitoring performance, well-being, and the growth and development of the baby. One concern is milk production and can be used as an index for monitoring the growth and development of the baby.

47. How exercise has been proven to be a stress reliever:

Just taking walks on most days of the week can elevate your mood and prepare your body for the changes that occur in pregnancy. Other aerobic activities also relieve stress.

48. Stability:

Stability is the capacity of the body to maintain or return to a state of equilibrium. Exercising before, during, and after pregnancy helps to improve stability.

49. "Move from the core"

The phrase "move from the core" refers to when the deep muscles of the spine and the abdominal muscles that support the spine react quickly to the changes in movement which respond first in keeping the spine aligned.

50. Why the kegel exercise is important for the expecting mother:

Kegel exercises help to strengthen the pelvic muscles, which in return help to prevent urine leakage during and after pregnancy, as well as restoring muscle tone after delivery. If a pregnant woman should avoid strengthening the pelvic floor muscles, she may experience bowel and bladder incontinence problems later in life. It is for the above reasons that kegel exercises are the most important exercises a pregnant woman can ever do.

51. Why blood pooling is dangerous and what can be done:

Blood pooling is dangerous, because it shifts blood flow away from the internal organs and puts additional stress on the heart, causing less oxygen to travel to the brain and the fetus. This could cause pregnant women to feel faint or even pass out. To avoid blood pooling, it is important that the legs are in motion when not exercising to increasing blood flow back up to the heart. An effective cool-down helps to reestablish circulation and prevent blood pooling.

52. Four common changes during early pregnancy:

1. The pregnancy hormones tend to slow the digestive system.

2. The pressure from the enlarged uterus relaxes the pelvic floor muscles.

3. Emotions are affected by the new pregnancy hormones.

4. The growing uterus puts pressure on the diaphragm.

53. How a pregnant woman can reduce the incidence of nausea:

The incidence of nausea can be reduced by doing the following: Eating small, frequent meals throughout the day which will help prevent over-distending of the stomach while providing the much-needed nutrients; take prenatal vitamins with evening meal so, if they upset your stomach, it is while you sleep; keep crackers by the bedside to snack on in the morning; eat calcium-rich foods; suck on ice cubes; sniff or suck on lemons; wear a sea-band; place three fingers on your right hand on the inner aspect of your left wrist with the ring finger of the right hand directly over the wrist and hold firmly.

54. Reducing constipation during pregnancy:

Constipation and eventually hemorrhoids are caused by the increase in progesterone which slows the digestive tract. Drinking eight to ten glasses of water a day along with eating high fiber foods should help relieve constipation. Exercising also helps to relieve constipation.

55. Steps to take to reduce leg cramps during pregnancy:

The primary cause of leg cramps in pregnant women is slowed circulation, calcium deficiency, and consuming too many carbohydrate drinks. For leg cramps at night, place a pillow between the knees to help improve circulation. For calcium deficiency caused cramps, be sure to consume adequate amounts of calcium in your diet or take a calcium supplement. Vitamin C may also help to prevent leg cramps. If you feel cramping, flex the foot of the affected leg so the toes point toward the head. If cramping persist or is hot to touch then seek medical advice.

56. Three tips to help reduce water retention during pregnancy:

1. Avoid ingesting large amounts of sodium.

2. Perform ankle circles throughout the day.

3. Whenever possible prop feet up on a chair or stool.

57. Pregnancy gingivitis and how it can be avoided:

Pregnancy gingivitis is when the gums swell and bleed which may lead to infection and discomfort. To prevent gingivitis brush your teeth at least twice a day with a soft nylon brush. It is ideal to brush after every meal and before bed. See your dentist at least twice during the pregnancy for checkup and cleaning.

58. Importance of diaphragmatic breathing for the expecting mother:

Diaphragmatic breathing stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, which calms the body. The more relaxed the women is during labor and delivery, the less discomfort she will experience.

59. Nostril breathing and its benefit:

Nostril breathing is the process of breathing through one nostril for up to five cycles at a time to help aerate the sinuses and bring balance into both sides of the nose.

60. Optimal range of weight gain during pregnancy:

The general guidelines recommend that a pregnant woman gains 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. The preferred scenario is that you gain about 4 to 6 pounds the first trimester, 11 to 15 pounds the second trimester, and 11 to 15 pounds the third trimester.

61. Average amount of Calories a healthy pregnant woman should consume:

The average amount of calories a pregnant woman should consume is around 1800 Calories. Active women who exercise an hour or more a day should consume 2400 Calories. Calorie intake should be increased by an additional 350-450 calories per day during the second and third trimester.

62. Five tips for avoiding excessive weight gain during pregnancy:

1. Eat an adequate breakfast. Skipping meals will attribute to eating in excess amounts later in the day and could possibly make you feel light head mid morning.

2. Drink at least eight glasses of water each day because dehydration can be interpreted as hunger causing the ingestion of unnecessary Calories.

3. Choose foods that are high in fiber, low in fat, and low in sugar because fatty foods can make you feel tired, and sugary foods can spike insulin.

4. Plan meals to balance your diet ahead of time with the essential nutrients you need.

5. Avoid eating with people who want you to overeat. Such individuals can cause you to eat an additional 750 extra calories for social reasons alone.

63. Some foods to avoid during pregnancy:

Do not eat raw seafood that is not frozen and sealed tightly with an "A" rating, soft cheeses, and free range eggs.

64. Benefits of weight-bearing exercise for the expecting mother:

Improved stamina; more energy; enhanced ability to handle heat stress; improved musculoskeletal function; increased metabolic capacity; increased insulin sensitivity; decreased maternal discomforts; easier labor and delivery; positive attitude and outlook of the pregnancy.

65. How exercise improves the mothers ability to handle heat stress:

Exercising regularly helps to increase blood flow to the skin which in turn helps dissipate heat. Exercise also decreases the core temperature threshold for perspiring.

66. How exercise can improve labor and delivery:

Women who continue a regular weight-bearing exercise program throughout their pregnancy have shown a marked decrease in the need for pain relief during labor, in the incidence of maternal exhaustion, and in the need for artificially rupturing the membranes to progress the labor. Women who follow a weight-bearing exercise routine throughout their entire pregnancies also have a lower incidence of induced labors, episiotomies, abnormal fetal heart rates, and the need for operative interventions.

67. Symptoms of over-training:

Some symptoms of over-training include fatigue, pain, loss of motivation, increased susceptibility of injury, and common infections. Over-training can negatively affect the baby by limiting its oxygen supply and nutrients.

68. Avoid pressure on the Inferior Vena Cava during the second trimester:

It is important to avoid pressure of the Inferior Vena Cava because it interferes with blood flow getting to the heart and lungs and results in less blood going to the aorta to the baby. When exercising on your back, putting pressure on the Vena Cava, you not only restrict blood flow to your muscles but also to your baby.

69. Healthy food plan for new mothers and benefit of exercise during first month after birth:

The daily diet of a new mother who is trying to lose her pregnancy fat should consume the following postpartum each day: 6 servings of whole grains; 2 servings of low-fat dairy; 2 servings of lean protein; 1 serving of nuts, legumes; at least 4 servings of vegetables; 2 servings of fruit; 2 servings of plant oils. The following should be consumed when lactating: 9 servings of whole; 3 servings of low-fat dairy; 2 servings of lean protein; 2 serving of nuts, legumes; at least 4 servings of vegetables; 3 servings of fruit; 2 servings of plant oils.

Exercise during the first month after delivery helps the mother recover postpartum, return to pre-pregnancy proportions, and increase energy.

70. Examples for developing a lifetime of fitness for the whole family:

• Plan family fitness time at least twice a week.


• Choose activities that allow everyone to participate in.


• Follow good exercise principles, including warming up, cooling down, and stretching.


• Include other family members.


• Emphasize the importance of having fun.


• Use physical activity as a reward, not food.


• Dance with your family.


• Provide space in your yard for sports.


• Always use the stairs going down and up, if you and your family can tolerate it.


• Keep fresh fruits and vegetables washed, cut up, and ready to eat for quick snacks.


• Take a family fitness vacation such as skiing, canoeing, camping, or hiking.


• Select fitness oriented gifts for birthdays and holidays.

Disclaimer: Always consult with your doctor before starting any exercise program.

Postpartum depression, also known as postnatal depression or the baby blues affects some women after they have given birth. The symptoms can include:

- Feeling low and sad for no apparent reason
- Feeling tired most of the time
- Tearfulness
- Irritability
- Disturbed sleep
- Disinterested in caring for the baby
- Lack of appetite or eating too much
- Feeling worthless and inadequate
- Anxiety
- Lack of libido
- Withdrawal from social activities
- Excessive worrying

If severe, the effects can be devastating on mother and baby and indeed the rest of the family, and at a time that is supposed to be joyful.

Having a new baby to care for can be a daunting experience so it is perfectly natural to feel tired and a little anxious. You are suddenly responsible for a new life and along with this there are sleepless nights to deal with, and then your days are taken up caring for the new baby with feeds and nappy changes and routines to settle in to. There's no doubt about it, having a new baby involves a great deal of adjustment in the home and this is inevitably going to be stressful and tiring.

However, the difference between normal feelings of fatigue and worry, and postpartum depression, is that with postpartum depression the symptoms are more severe and they persist.

What causes Postpartum Depression?

There is no single clear cut reason why some women develop postpartum depression and not others but research has shown that nutritional deficiencies can be involved so it's important to make sure that your diet is good before, during and after pregnancy.

One nutrient in particular that has been found to play quite an important role during and after pregnancy is Omega 3. The Omega 3 fatty acids Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are vital during pregnancy and indeed where EPA is concerned each and every one of us need adequate supplies for the whole of our lives whether we are pregnant or not. DHA is needed for healthy growth and development of the brain and eyesight and EPA is needed for efficient functioning of the brain on an ongoing basis.

It stands to reason that if the mother is not getting all the nutrients she needs whilst the baby is taking what little she has, then the mother will find her supplies of nutrients severely depleted.

It's an interesting point that people suffering from depression, and not just postpartum depression but indeed any mental health problem tend to have lower than normal levels of EPA in their blood.

Self help techniques for postpartum depression

- If your diet has been less than adequate it may be worth considering an Omega 3 fish oil supplement, speak to your doctor for more advice
- Get as much rest as you can, try to sleep when baby sleeps
- Try to avoid any extra stresses, this wouldn't be a good time to move house for example
- If you find yourself with a spare moment, indulge. Read a book, watch television, have a relaxing bath, don't spend these precious moments rushing around trying to do chores and be perfect, that little space can be a life saver
- Talk to your family and your care professionals about how you are feeling

I started to have problems when in my teens, feeling upset about growing up without a father. I self-harmed, then attempted suicide when 16. After getting in trouble with the police at 16, I was isolated and felt my life to be futile. Although I was seeing a psychiatrist, he stopped the treatment, and feeling betrayed as well as cut off from my old friends and family, aged 18, I stood in front of a fast train.

However, when I saw the driver's screaming face as the train neared me, I changed my mind and moved to the side, as I did not want to cause him trauma. The train, however, struck me and hurled me through the air and I landed on the platform. My pelvis was badly fractured and I had received substantial injuries but after extensive emergency surgery, I survived.

A slow and painful recovery lay ahead, with hope but also setbacks, until I finally left hospital after extensive reconstructive surgery. When I left, I soon decided a change of place might do me good and went to Devon to live and work in a cultural centre. Whilst there, I had problems with the people there, who it turned out were something of a cult, and they called the police to have me removed. I was placed in a psychiatric hospital but my brothers rescued me and brought me back to London.

However, I was homeless and suffering the stress of isolation, despite my brother having allowed me to stay with him. One night, I was admitted to hospital and whilst there, a doctor told me I was manic-depressive. I thought this to be false and hated the idea. When I was prescribed Lithium, mood stabilisers and anti-depressants, I refused them and was sectioned under The Mental Health Act.

Finally, I was discharged from the unit and vowed to stop taking the medication, which was destroying my future as a writer by preventing me from reading and writing, due to making my eyes water continuously. This I did, with the support of all my friends and family. Even though it was a rollercoaster--I went up and down whilst trying to come off the stuff--I did it and eventually even told my psychiatrist. As I told him I would fight him every inch of the way if he sectioned me or tried to force me to take the drugs, he let things stand.

I moved from a halfway house to a privately rented room in a house and started going to a weekly meditation group that helped a lot. I read self-help books and developed self-esteem, published poems and began to write my memoir. I trained as a therapist finally, in order to give back and help others; I am now a master of hypnotherapy, Time Line Therapy簧 and NLP.

In the year 2000, I was advised by several people to try Eat Right For Your Blood Type to help alleviate a stomach problem I had been having. I found out I was blood type O and a non-secretor, and that Type O non-secretors have a high risk factor for developing manic depression. Although, highly sceptical at first, my symptoms were so severe, I was willing to give anything a try.

I began a diet and lifestyle plan for my specific blood type and am on it to this day. I was brought up as a vegetarian but the advice for type O is to eat a high protein diet and I do, with spectacularly good results. Having spent the last seven years researching more about the link between our genetics, our blood type and health conditions, I am 100% convinced of it's scientific validity and importance.

I eat a diet that minimises my risk of having dopamine dips or spikes and thus my moods are very stable and even my friends who have been sceptical have now started following the plan, with the same excellent results. I have also noted the correlation between the health conditions many thousands of people I meet have and their blood types and find that the accuracy of the complete blood type literature by Doctor Peter J. D'Adamo (Eat Right For Your Type, Live Right For Your Type, Cook Right For Your Type and The Complete Blood Type Encyclopaedia) is proven to my satisfaction every single time.

My conclusion is that manic-depression was falsely applied to me and that labelling someone is never a useful exercise; neither is medicating without fully exploring other options. Had I been offered the blood type literature from the start of my problems, I am certain all of them would have been helped dramatically, if not averted entirely. Diet plays a key role in mental illness yet how often do psychiatrists or medical doctors even ask or advise about someone's diet?

The idea of people being different and thus needing different diets may be easy to dismiss by those who have not the scientific-minded curiosity to read the literature by Dr D'Adamo, and nevertheless, we are different and some swear by vegetarianism whereas others swear by meat being healthy, yet both are right, depending on your blood type.

I hope this article sparks debate and interest on the difficulties those diagnosed with manic depression face and provide hope to those open enough to try the diet.

Labour rights are integral part of socio-economic development of every country across the world. To protect these rights, every nation has passed certain laws addressing the restrictions and legal benefits of the labours and their organisations. These laws are commonly referred as Labour Laws.

In simple words, labour law is a legal structure or an administrative ruling that deals with the rights and restrictions imposed on the labours and their organisations by the government. Generally, it covers the demands of the employees to have better working conditions, the right to form trade union or to work independently without joining the union and other safety rights. Similarly, it also covers demands of the employers to keep control over - the use of power by the worker's organisations, the costs of labour, costly health and safety requirements of the workers, etc.

Indian Labour Law:

Like other nations, the labour law in India also covers the same fundamental labour rights that are required to maintain harmonious relationship between the employees, employers and the trade unions. However, there are certain amendments made in the laws depending on the culture, society and constitution of India.

All the commercial establishments in the country are required to implement the Central and State Government labour law enactments to be recognised as legally authorised organisations. Some of the essential Central Government enactments are as follow:

• The Employees' Provident Fund Act, 1952

• The Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948

• The Minimum Wages Act, 1948

• The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970

• The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965

• The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961

• The Payment of Wages Act, 1936

• The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

The companies have to adhere to the above enactments and other allied laws for the smooth functioning of their business. Any company that doesn't follow the rules listed in these enactments is subject to punishment by the government of India. It is to be noted that the organisations with large operations across the nation find it difficult to keep account of every enactment. So, they may forget to follow one or sometimes many rules of the given enactments.

Therefore, the organisations are recommended to hire a labour law consultant or outsource their legal work related to the rights of workers to a consultancy. These consultancies offer comprehensive services, which normally include -

• Activities related to registration and licensing necessary under the labour laws,

• Calculating periodical liability,

• Maintaining records and statutory registers,

• Documenting and submitting periodical statutory reports,

• Attending periodical statutory inspections and

• Other allied services.

In short, Indian Labour Law has all the necessary provisions to maintain healthy relationship between the working people and their organisations provided both the parties strictly adhere to these legal provisions.

How to become pregnant naturally is a huge concern for many women today. The term 'infertility' is rampant, it's almost an epidemic. Many women are facing fertility problems in all corners of the world. As a response to this need, more and more doctors are prescribing fertility drugs such as Clomiphene Citrate to help women ovulate. The problem is, the side effects of many fertility drugs have proven to be detrimental to conception. For example, what clomiphene citrate does is cause cervical fluid to become scarce, and the reproductive hormones to become unbalanced.

The widespread use of chemical birth control has also taken a toll on women's reproductive hormones. More and more infertility and miscarriage cases have been reported over the last decade. Pregnancy has taken on a more 'medical' role than a natural and holistic one. If you want to become pregnant naturally, I have great news for you. This approach to preserving and encouraging fertility has been proven to be more effective and beneficial to man.

Here are the advantages of conceiving through natural means:

1. It's true that our bodies are build to give birth and conceive. If we take better care of ourselves, and make a conscious decision not to consume chemicals and preservatives, we wouldn't have issues with infertility.

2. Two of the best keys to understanding our bodies are through awareness and education. Always do your research; and never rely on one person's opinion or word about anything without proper research. This way, you are taking the control back over your body, as well as your fertility.

After seeing the horrible results of fertility drugs, I did some extensive research on natural and holistic remedies.

3. One good natural approach to fertility is the art of fertility charting. This is relatively simple - all you need is a basal body thermometer and a paper chart. You can easily determine ovulation and discover if you have possible fertility issues. It's just as essential to chart the cervical position and the cervical fluid with your basal body temperature. While it's true that being able to master the art of fertility charting takes time, the procedures will help you properly identify and possibly correct any minor fertility issues. This all boils down to a matter of getting to know your body better.

Once mastered, the art of fertility charting can help you become pregnant naturally. Eventually you can learn to properly identify and treat minor infertility with the use of natural remedies and methods.

In order to make an informed choice between ethical and fair trade clothing, you must have a clear understanding of what the difference is between the two. The clothing industry is one that can be very volatile when it comes to fads, trends and clothing styles that can come and go with the blink of an eye. There are many extremes that come into the clothing industry and nearly just as quickly, their appeal is gone.

Some clothing styles go on to become legendary or what are known as classics that never lose their appeal even as the generations come and go. Over recent years, there has been a change in the clothing industry. So what exactly is ethical clothing and how does it differ from fair clothing? Let's examine both types.

Ethical clothing addresses a broad range of concerns that have been around about as long as the clothing industry itself. Some of the major concerns with clothing that is not ethical is that the clothing is produced by workers in factories or sweat shops where wages are an amount so low that workers cannot make a reasonable living to support themselves. The unfortunate reality is that there are many designs on the racks in your local stores that have been made by these workers. Ethical clothing demands that workers be paid what their labor is worth. Ethical clothing also mandates that the workers be give benefits such as maternity leave and insurance options.

The momentum for ethical clothing has not picked up because many clothing manufacturers experience significant cost savings by outsourcing work to these countries where the condition of life is so poor that people are willing to work for minimum amounts of money in substandard work conditions to survive. Clothing in the United States aimed at creating a better environment and better working conditions for people. The Fair Trade Federation provides a means for clothing lines to join but the membership criteria is strict. Fortunately, fair trade is also branching out into jewelry, personal care, candles, bedding, toys, games and paper goods. The difference between ethical and fair trade clothing is that clothing made by the latter takes the earth into consideration and provides clothing that is made from natural products.

When it comes to fair trade clothing, however, none of the major retailer chains carry fair trade clothing. This should not be a deterrent if you wish to purchase it, just look online and you will find many sources from which you can order such clothing.

Choosing between ethical clothing and fair trade clothing does not have to be a real dilemma. Ethical clothing is manufactured with respect to ensuring that laborers are not overworked and underpaid. Fair trade clothing uses organic materials that are green friendly and don't harm the earth's ozone when discarded or made from recycled materials.

Although the types are similar, there are some differences described here that should help you make a choice about whether you want to wear ethical clothing or fair trade clothing.

Have you seen a recent increase in your medical insurance rate? Medical insurance rate increases are under close scrutiny as health reform blossoms. The medical insurance rates are being examined closely by the department of health and human services. The DHHS has revealed the fact that health insurance companies have sought drastic premium rate increases in the past year. Legislation has been introduced in 2010 that would prevent health insurance providers from assessing unfair premium rate increases.

Under the Legislation, the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services would be able to review, deny or approve rate increases that are deemed unreasonable. The Health Insurance Rate Authority Act was introduced in part to protect the consumer from premium increases that are not justified by the insurer. Unfortunately, this does not mean that there will not be premium increases. Alternatively, the act would insure that those increases that are assessed would need justification.

Health care reform has been a hot topic since the days prior to the presidential election. One of President Obama's top priorities has been health care reform and much has blossomed as a result. The Health Insurance Rate Authority Act is likely one of many acts to come in order to protect the consumer and regulate insurance premium hikes. Authorities state that there is likely a need for some premium increases due to health care reform mandates. Reform mandates such as policies covering maternity care, substance abuse, mental health and mandates against exclusions due to pre-existing conditions will cause insurers to take risk that they have not traditionally had to take. The additional risk will result in insurers contributing more dollars to the health pool than they have in the past. Ultimately, the affect on the bottom line for insurers result in premium increases for the consumer.

It is important to remember that there are several factors that contribute to an individual's premium and that certain features may be tweaked in order to realize a lower premium. Though we have seen an overall hike in premiums, an individual still has some control over the monthly premium that he or she pays. For instance, deductibles, co-pays, Coinsurance percentages, amount of coinsurance out of pocket and lifetime maximum coverage by the insurer all combine to determine the amount of monthly medical insurance rates. The insurance seeker could adjust any one of these factors and see a change in their monthly premium. However, in the near future the consumer may still see increased overall premiums for certain policies. Illinois, California and Colorado have already seen drastic premium increases by certain insurers. The Health Insurance Rate Authority Act would give the secretary of health and Human Services the power to deny or adjust rate increases that are found to be unjustifiable.

Affordable health insurance has been made a priority by the current administration. Although the health reform legislation is now a reality, many of the elements of the legislation will not be realized for years to come. The Health Insurance Rate Authority Act is just one step towards protecting the consumer and maintaining the "affordable" health insurance initiative. For more information regarding affordable health insurance and medical insurance rates, see the Texas Low Cost Health Insurance website.

Choosing the best health insurance plan involves the following:

1. Finding the health insurance plan with the lowest cost (but only with respect to the other two criteria)


2. Finding the health insurance plan with a network that meets your needs


3. Finding the health insurance plan with coverage that meets your needs

Choosing the right health insurance policy involves finding the lowest price amongst the policies that meet your needs as to network and coverage. Choosing the lowest price is of course very easy. Determining whether the health insurance plan's network of doctors meets your needs is only a little more difficult. Choosing a health insurance policy that covers you well can be complex. Most of this article focuses on this area. I've been a health insurance agent since 1985 and have helped many families find affordable health insurance. You can find out more about me by visiting 1800insuranceCT.com. These are the strategies that I use when helping a family find good medical coverage in my home state of Connecticut. To help find out what health insurance plans are available and approved in your area, I've put together a list of Insurance Departments for each state.

Choosing the Health Insurance Plan with the Right Network

Most companies have websites that will list the doctors and hospitals that participate in their plan. All that I'm aware of will have a printed list that they can mail to you. The right plan will have your doctor on their list or at least doctors who serve your home area. If you travel it is important to find a plan that covers you well in other geographic areas as well.

Choosing the Health Insurance Plan with the best coverage

Health insurance contracts may be the most complex of the insurance policies purchased by the average family. Understanding how your health insurance policy will pay for your medical bills can be difficult. Fortunately most of the brochures and outlines of coverage that you may receive from a health insurance provider will have a similar structure.

They will have sections similar to the following: What is Covered? Health Plan Exclusions and Limitations What is Covered?

This section will detail what medical procedures your health insurance policy will cover. The policy should have a phrase like "reasonable and customary" or "usual, reasonable and customary" or something similar when describing how much they will cover.

Watch out for health insurance policies with:

Dollar amount limits for each procedure

A long list of procedures that the health insurance policy will cover Better health insurance policies will not list dollar amounts for each procedure. They will pay using a formula that is based on what other doctors or medical providers will charge you in the same geographic area. A phrase like "usual and customary" indicates that they use such a formula. The cost of medical care rises so quickly that a dollar amount that seems impressive today may not fully reimburse you even a year from now.

Solid health Insurance policies will not have a long list of procedures that they will cover listed on the policy. The long list seems impressive because the list takes up a lot of space. Look at the statements below. It should be easy to choose between one and two.

1. "Our health insurance policy will cover you for everything except for expenses caused by self-inflicted injuries and substance abuse." ("I've been to every state in the union except Alaska.")


2. "Our health insurance policy will cover your nose, your ears, your toes, your hands, your right lung, your calf and your knee" ("I've been to New York, Connecticut, Nebraska, Washington DC and Vermont")

Health Plan Exclusions and Limitations This section will tell you what is excluded. Typically elective surgery will not be covered. Also experimental procedures and expenses caused by self-inflicted injuries will not be covered. You should understand each of these exclusions and limitations before you commit to a policy. Most policies will not include maternity insurance, so if you want to get pregnant, make sure that you know how your policy will cover maternity expenses. Unfortunately, maternity insurance is not available in many states except as part of a group insurance plan. To summarize:

* Determine what health insurance plans will cover you in your area

* Determine which health insurance plans offer adequate coverage

*Choose the plans that offers the best value based on price and coverage

This article was originally published on http://www.1800insurancect.com/articles/tips_for_finding_coverage.htm